STR Article: Death by Design
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Death by Design by Greg Koukl
by Greg Koukl
I went to Washington for a few days this week and we went to a flower
garden in Victoria, British Columbia. I was watching a bumble bee on a
flower and I suddenly knew for certain that there was physical death
before the Fall.
Let me set this up for you because it's important that you understand
where I'm going with this. There is some considerable debate in
Christian circles about the age of the earth. There are those who are
literal 24-hour day creationists who are committed to the notion of a
young earth. There are other Christians that are compelled by what seems
to be substantial scientific evidence for an old earth, and also what
seems to be a legitimate reading of Genesis 1. And they believe that the
earth is ancient and the animal and plant kingdom is ancient, though man
may have been created relatively recently.
A significant factor in this debate has to do with the question of
physical death. Was physical death part of the Fall, as Scripture seems
to indicate? Or was it part of the natural created order with an added
element after the Fall? On the one hand, if there clearly was no
physical death of any kind before the Fall, then it seems impossible for
there to be any significant time gap between the creation of living
creatures, and the creation and fall of man. In other words, it happened
in a very short time--just a couple of days--which is the point of view
of those that hold to a young earth creation. However, if the Scripture
leaves open the possibility of some form of physical death before the
Fall, and if Scripture doesn't explicitly disallow this, and if there is
scientific evidence for it, then it seems that an ancient creation with
a recent advent of humans is a legitimate possibility.
The key fact to remember here is: if all physical death was a result of
the Fall, as some hold--especially 24-hour creationists--then in the
original creation God never intended even for animals to die. So if we
can show that God intended for animals to die before the Fall then it
seems a pretty good argument that there was at least animal death before
the Fall.
Now as I've reflected on this and I've argued it a particular way in the
past I've argued this other view. I've argued that the earth was
ancient, and the living realm was ancient, and there was death before
the Fall. The 24-hour view which doesn't allow for any death prior to
the Fall has always troubled me. Did God really intend for all creatures
to multiply and fill the earth but never die? Was this His plan? Because
if it was, as those who hold to a seven day creation argue, then I'm
reminded of Malthus' theorem which some called the "Dismal Theorem".
Malthus observed population increasing as animals multiply in a finite
space. He observes that they multiply in a finite space. They increase
in numbers but because they have finite resources they increase to such
a point that they use up all of the resources and then the population
curve drops to zero. That's why it was the dismal theorem because it
seemed like everything was going to consume everything and pretty soon
everything would die. It seems to me that if God intended gross
multiplication of beings with no death you would run into that problem.
In addition, larger animals inadvertently eat smaller animals when
they're trying to eat vegetation. I've got tomato plants out in my
backyard. You know what they are covered with? Aphids. You know what an
aphid is? It's a one centimeter long green bug that thrives in packs on
your vegetables. And there are other little critters that crawl
around--insects and worms. All of these things are small. Now if an
animal bent over to eat this vegetation guess what they are going to get
a mouth full of? Other insects. So it seems even vegetarian animals are
inadvertently going to cause the death of smaller animals. Single-celled
organisms that thrive in a pond get ingested when another creature
drinks. Large animals like dinosaurs just walking around are going to
kill many of these smaller organisms. It seems hard to envision a
natural realm that has this wide variety of animals that never die, that
never inadvertently even kill each other. I've always thought about that
and it seemed to be a problem, and that's why I've looked for another
answer.
I have argued in the past--feeling confident that there is strong
natural revelation (read, "scientific evidence") for an ancient earth,
yet I'm deeply committed to the authority of the Scriptures--I've argued
that the death spoken of in Genesis 3is a spiritual death of man, not
necessarily a physical death. God said that in the day that Adam and Eve
would eat they would die. Yet when Adam and Eve ate they didn't die
physically the day that they ate, as God said, though it's clear they
died spiritually. So it seems reasonable to argue that the death that's
in view here in the Fall is a spiritual death not a physical one. Romans
5seems to make the same point.
My argument was that physical death was part of the natural order, even
for man, and had no sting until spiritual death resulting from the Fall
became part of man's experience. This seemed to be an explanation that
would fit the evidence of both the Scripture and natural revelation. So
it is theoretically possible that, given the Biblical text, man
experienced physical death as part of the natural order, but that
spiritual death--separation from God--was the particular death that
resulted from the Fall.
Then I read something in St. Athanasius on the incarnation last week
which suggested something else to me that I became convinced of when I
looked at this bee on the flower. I was reading a piece by St.
Athanasius entitled St. Athanasius on the Incarnation, (New York: SVS
Press [St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary], 1993). Athanasius
was a fourth century Christian theologian who was very instrumental in
defending the notion of the trinity against the Arians. There was
something he wrote about in this book, though is not related to the
trinity per se but talking about the Fall of man, that caught my
attention.
Regarding men, Athanasius wrote, "But if they went astray and became
vile, throwing away their birthright of beauty, then they would come
under the natural law of death and live no longer in Paradise, but,
dying outside, continue in death and corruption." (p. 29)
This phrase "natural law of death" caught my eye. I thought that he was
suggesting that death is a natural part of the natural world, though it
became unnatural when it comes to man. So I read a little further and he
continued, "For, as I said before, though they were by nature subject to
corruption, the grace of their union with the Word made them capable of
escaping from the natural law, provided that they retained the beauty of
innocence with which they were created. That is to say, the presence of
the Word with them shielded them even from natural corruption." (p. 30)
Did you follow that folks? It seems that Athanasius' view of the Fall
was that death was an appropriate part of the physical world. He calls
this the "natural law" and "natural corruption," but apparently man was
exempted from that by God's grace until the Fall, and then the Fall
interrupted the grace and so man became capable of death as well. The
point is this: even if we were to argue that death came through sin and
that death was not just spiritual death but physical death, Athanasius
seems to think that it applied only to man and not the rest of the
natural order for which death was a natural thing. Meaning that there
was natural death before the Fall, and if there was this removes a
significant theological objection to the idea that the earth is millions
and millions of years old and also the rest of creation, though my view
is that the creation of man is recent.
That objection is removed and this brings us to Victoria Island, Buchart
Gardens and the bumble bee. I was bending over looking at the flowers
and I saw the bumble bee. It was such a beautiful calm wonderful
environment you almost felt like reaching out and touching the bee in
this benevolent atmosphere. And it occurred to me that bees have
stingers--or most of them I guess So I asked my friend, "Do you think
this bee has a stinger?" And just then the thought struck me: Where did
he get that stinger? Well, he got it from God, of course. God gave him
the stinger. Then it occurred to me, what was the stinger for? Its
purpose is protection. That's obvious. Protection from what? And in a
flash of insight I knew there was physical death before the Fall, at
least animal death, because God had actually designed some animals as
predators and designed others--like the bee--with defense equipment.
Now think about it for a moment. When one is confronted with the
teaching that there was no death of any kind before the Fall, he
generally wonders how all of the carnivorous animals survived before
there was any death. "Wild cats and other carnivores could eat
vegetables. That's the answer. Remember, "the lion will lay down with
the lamb"? It's true. It seems that canine teeth could serve reasonably
well at tearing vegetables as it does tearing flesh. But that strains at
the gnat and swallows the camel. The camel being this: God has designed
many creatures with features meant solely for taking life or solely for
defending against deadly assault.
Think of a spider. Do you think God taught him to spin a web so he could
catch leaves? And spiders have poison in their mouths. What's the poison
for prior to the Fall?
Spider webs were not meant to capture leaves.
Think of the scent glands of the skunk. Why does the skunk has a scent
gland? So that he can fight away predators. Ever heard of an angler
fish? This is a fish that looks like muck, muck and vegetation. It opens
its mouth and way back in the throat of its mouth it's got the glottis
hanging down there, kind of like we have, and it opens its mouth and
wobbles this thing back and forth. Now if you are looking from the
outside you don't see the camouflage, which is also a part of the
program. All you see is this opening in the back of which is this little
worm dangling down wiggling. A fish swims inside the cavernous opening
to eat the worm and guess what? Gobble, gobble. He's lunch for the
angler fish.
Now where did the Angler fish get this dangling worm in his mouth and
all the camouflage if he wasn't meant to eat other fish with it?
Archer fish can also shoot a stream of water up into the leaves to knock
insects off a tree into the pond so they can eat them. Where did they
get that ability?
Amoebas are designed to physically engulf their prey, destroying it prey
in the process.
These are all design features that are all complex and have one purpose
and one purpose only: the destruction of other living things.
Virtually every carnivorous animal has highly specified behaviors and
equipment that are specifically for the purpose of killing--instinctive
attack behavior, instinctive killing modes, stealth and crouching, and
all of that kind of stuff. You see cats out in the yard doing it. Where
did they get that? Where did they get these retractable claws? What are
they for? For climbing? They don't need to climb. They don't need to
climb to anything or away from anything. The grass is on the ground,
remember? The natural realm is overflowing with examples of particular
things that were designed specifically with the capture and killing of
prey in mind, therefore they must have been part of the plan in my view.
They aren't an evil part of the plan because God made these things, and
then having done so with all the creatures of the world, looked at it
all and said that it was a good thing. So the natural law of death that
must have been in place before the Fall is not bad, it's a good thing
created by God.
There is a possible objection--actually two of them--that could be
raised against this.
I'm talking about this question of whether it's possible there could
have been animal death before the Fall; and it's an important question
because if there could be, then it leaves open the possibility of an
ancient earth without at the same time causing theological havoc with
the theological nature of the Fall of man. It seems that Athanasius is
arguing this way.
There were two things that I noticed as I looked at this bee and the
rest of the natural realm and reflected. One, the presence of design
features specifically for capturing and killing; and two, the presence
of designed defense mechanisms to protect creatures from being captured
and killed. It seems there is no explanation for these things if there
was no physical death in the animal kingdom before Adam's Fall.
Now, when I'm toying with a new idea I try to anticipate the objections
to test the strength of my own ideas. As I reflected on this I can think
of only two possible objections to this and I'll give them to you and
show you why I don't think they work.
One way to object to my point is to say that after the Fall God created
these mechanisms in animals in order to enable them to both capture food
and survive. But I don't think this objection really works. First of all
you'd have God creating after He was finished with creation, which seems
to create a problem. Secondly, why would God need to alter anything at
all? If all living things were created with the capacity to survive on
vegetable matter, nothing keeps them from continuing to be vegetarians
after the Fall. The Fall only requires death, not carnivorous eating
patterns. It doesn't follow that just because natural organisms now are
subject to death that members of the animal kingdom will now start
eating each other. So there is no need for God to add something to the
program after the Fall (except maybe morticians). This response just
strikes me as an ad hoc explanation to save the hypothesis. It's
obviously reaching.
One might suggest that these things developed naturally afterwards. But
that's an unusual rebuttal from a 24-hour creationist because it would
depend for its force on the capability of chance working with matter
over time through natural selection to develop complex physical and
instinctual systems that enable them to forage for living prey. In other
words, it requires evolution to be true. So I don't imagine a 24-hour
creationist would use that as defense.
The other way to argue my point is to say that God designed these things
beforehand in anticipation of the Fall. This also seems a strange
argument. If death in the natural realm is cruel and evil in itself, as
is argued, how is it that God designs things with the intent of
inflicting this cruel and evil result? It would also mean, by the way,
that God would have created destructive mechanisms, agencies of death,
before the Fall and then call them good, as He did seven times in the
first chapter of Genesis.
Finally, it seems that some creatures--say a spider, for example--have
no option of being omnivorous. It can't eat plants. In that
circumstance, because some creatures can function only as predators, the
creature would have to wait around for the Fall of man until it could
have its first meal.
So the only way out that I can think of, other than saying that it
evolved after the Fall which isn't going to work, is that God either
created it beforehand or created it afterwards. Both seem problematic to
me. If God created it beforehand--though there was no death,
anticipating death afterwards--then He designed agencies of death and
called them good when death is bad. Or He created after the Fall, and
then I wonder why He needs to create these carnivorous animals when they
could continue eating plants as He originally created them. And then, of
course, you have God creating after the seventh day which is another
problem. So neither of those rebuttals seem to work.
It seems to me that a 24-hour creationist is going to have a hard time
arguing against this because they're going to have to say that all of
these things were added later, either evolved or created. But they
weren't created, because after the seventh day God rested. And we know
they haven't evolved because natural mechanisms can't produce that kind
of new detail. That means they must have been in place before the Fall.
My simple question is, For what purpose? (Because God creates for a
purpose.) My answer is that it seems pretty obvious that from the outset
God intended for living creatures--not necessarily man here--but living
creatures to prey upon each other. If He intended that then there was a
natural law of death that was operating quite nicely as part of the
system before the Fall of man which makes it entirely possible that
there were millions and millions of years of this natural law operating
in the natural realm before God created Adam and Eve.
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